Aquatic mosses

M001 Java moss

Taxiphyllum barbieri

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

12–34 °C

Published optimum

20–30 °C

Published pH

5–8

Published KH

0–21 °dKH

Difficulty

very easy

Growth rate

medium

Origin / distribution

Vietnam according to source

Habitat and identification

Moist terrestrial and waterside habitats; widely grown submerged in aquaria.

Irregularly branching, readily attaching shoots; becomes lankier under weak light.

Identification and evidence limits

Vesicularia dubyana is a distinct species, not a safe replacement name for this moss. Microscopy may be needed.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Bogor moss (historical common name); Vesicularia dubyana (misapplied trade identification)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S001 Flowgrow: Taxiphyllum barbieri

M002 Taiwan moss

Taxiphyllum alternans

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

12–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–8

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

very easy

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Southeastern USA and eastern Asia

Habitat and identification

Soil, roots, swamp wood and rocks beside rivulets and waterfalls.

Fine, regularly branched fronds under adequate light.

Identification and evidence limits

Taiwan in the trade name does not establish native origin. Source optimum exceeds its tolerance maximum; optimum fields deliberately left blank.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S002 Flowgrow: Taxiphyllum alternans

M003 Khao Sok moss

Taxiphyllum taxirameum

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

12–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–8

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

very easy

Growth rate

medium

Origin / distribution

Widespread; aquarium population from Khao Sok, Thailand

Habitat and identification

Generally shaded soil and rock; aquarium population collected partly submerged in a Thai rivulet.

Java-like moderately branched shoots, attaching readily.

Identification and evidence limits

Aquarium performance of the Khao Sok culture does not prove every terrestrial population is equally aquatic. Source optimum and tolerance conflict; optimum omitted.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S003 Flowgrow: Taxiphyllum taxirameum

M004 Flame moss

Taxiphyllum sp. “Flame”

Group

Moss

Record type

unresolved trade form

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

12–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–8

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Asian origin suggested, not established

Habitat and identification

Natural habitat not established for the traded culture.

Submerged shoots rise in loose twisting spirals.

Identification and evidence limits

Unidentified species. Not a separately verified botanical species. Source optimum extends past tolerance maximum and is omitted.

Species unresolved

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Mount on a low rock or horizontal twig with room above for upright growth.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S004 Flowgrow: Taxiphyllum sp. “Flame”

M005 Spiky / Peacock moss

Taxiphyllum sp. “Spiky”

Group

Moss

Record type

unresolved trade form

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

12–34 °C

Published optimum

20–28 °C

Published pH

5–8

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

easy

Growth rate

medium

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Natural habitat not established for the trade form.

Broad feather-like branching shoots.

Identification and evidence limits

Flowgrow treats Peacock as the same trade entity as Spiky; do not count it as an extra species.

Species unresolved; Peacock equivalence is source interpretation

Aliases: Peacock moss (trade alias treated as equivalent by source)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S005 Flowgrow: Taxiphyllum sp. “Spiky”

M006 Singapore moss

Vesicularia dubyana

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

easy

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

South and Southeast Asia

Habitat and identification

Moist to wet tropical Asian sites; both emerged and submerged growth documented.

Creeping or horizontal, irregularly branched fronds; may produce capsules underwater.

Identification and evidence limits

Historical Java moss and present-day Java moss names overlap. Distinguish from Taxiphyllum barbieri.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Java moss (ambiguous historical common name)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S006 Flowgrow: Vesicularia dubyana

M007 Weeping moss

Vesicularia ferriei

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

15–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

East Asia

Habitat and identification

Wet rock, riverbanks and wet soil beside rivulets.

Strongly drooping fronds in submerged culture.

Identification and evidence limits

Other mosses are sold as Weeping. Very low light may weaken the drooping form.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Attach to elevated branches or ledges so new shoots can hang below the support.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S007 Flowgrow: Vesicularia ferriei

M008 Christmas moss

Vesicularia montagnei

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

medium (catalog label; descriptive text says relatively easy)

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Asian tropics

Habitat and identification

Mostly emerged on shaded moist banks and forest ground in the Asian tropics.

Flattened triangular fronds, increasingly regular under stronger light.

Identification and evidence limits

Christmas moss may cover several traded species. Source describes confirmed V. montagnei as relatively undemanding despite a medium difficulty label.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Good candidate for humid banks, wood and moss walls; retain space for triangular fronds to spread.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S008 Flowgrow: Vesicularia montagnei

M009 Erect moss

Vesicularia reticulata

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

15–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

South, Southeast and East Asia

Habitat and identification

Moist terrestrial habitats in the Asian tropics.

Upright submerged shoots, creeping emerged shoots.

Identification and evidence limits

Erect moss can also refer to a Taxiphyllum. The name alone does not confirm species.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use upright growth on low hardscape underwater; expect a different creeping habit above water.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S009 Flowgrow: Vesicularia reticulata

M010 Anchor moss

Vesicularia sp. “Anchor”

Group

Moss

Record type

unresolved trade form

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

15–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Natural habitat of the traded form not established.

Compact, pale-green cushions with broad, almost right-angle branching.

Identification and evidence limits

Identity unresolved; relationship to Mini Christmas is not established.

Species unresolved; trade name not a taxonomic rank

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S010 Flowgrow: Vesicularia sp. “Anchor”

M011 Creeping moss

Vesicularia sp. “Creeping”

Group

Moss

Record type

unresolved trade form

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

15–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

easy

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Natural habitat of the traded form not established.

Creeping shoots; trade material may resemble Singapore or Christmas moss.

Identification and evidence limits

Several different mosses may be sold under this name.

Species unresolved; trade name not a taxonomic rank

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S011 Flowgrow: Vesicularia sp. “Creeping”

M012 Mini Christmas moss

Vesicularia sp. “Mini Christmas”

Group

Moss

Record type

unresolved trade form

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

15–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Natural habitat of the traded form not established.

Small triangular, horizontal to drooping fronds.

Identification and evidence limits

May overlap with Anchor or China moss. Mini Taiwan is a trade alias here, not proof of Taxiphyllum alternans.

Species unresolved; trade name not a taxonomic rank

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S012 Flowgrow: Vesicularia sp. “Mini Christmas”

M013 Triangle moss

Vesicularia sp. “Triangle”

Group

Moss

Record type

unresolved trade form

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

15–30 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

easy

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Natural habitat of the traded form not established.

Regular triangular branching with tips angled upward.

Identification and evidence limits

Not the true Cratoneuron filicinum, despite mislabelling in trade.

Species unresolved; trade name not a taxonomic rank

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a thin layer on wood or stone. For emerged culture keep the support moist and acclimate a small portion first.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S013 Flowgrow: Vesicularia sp. “Triangle”

M014 Phoenix moss

Fissidens fontanus

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Not established; dries rapidly in air

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

4–26 °C

Published optimum

18–25 °C

Published pH

5–7.5

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

difficult in table; prose calls it relatively undemanding

Growth rate

medium

Origin / distribution

North and Central America, North Africa and warmer Europe

Habitat and identification

Submerged in rivers and lakes, including shaded and relatively deep sites.

Fine two-ranked leaves create soft feather-like tufts attached to hardscape.

Identification and evidence limits

Source has conflicting difficulty and temperature statements. Numeric fields retain its table, not the broader prose range. Emerged culture is unconfirmed and drying is rapid.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Octodiceras fontanum (botanical synonym reported by source); Fissidens nobilis (misapplied trade identification)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use on submerged twigs or flat stones. Avoid an emerged dry-start trial on the only available portion.

Care profile: Cool-water submerged moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S014 Flowgrow: Fissidens fontanus

M015 Nobilis / Japan Fissidens

Fissidens nobilis

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

18–26 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–10 °dKH

Difficulty

difficult

Growth rate

very slow

Origin / distribution

Tropical and subtropical Asia and Pacific islands

Habitat and identification

Habitat details not compiled in the reviewed catalog entry.

More robust than Phoenix moss; a slow hardscape accent.

Identification and evidence limits

The actual species differs from small Phoenix-like moss sold under this name. Verify cultivated stock.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a small, labelled tuft in a stable compartment; protect it from faster-growing mosses and algae.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S015 Flowgrow: Fissidens nobilis

M016 Doormat moss

Fissidens splachnobryoides

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

18–30 °C

Published optimum

22–28 °C

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Widespread tropical material; exact culture provenance should be checked

Habitat and identification

Moist soil, including flowerpots in tropical Asia; submerged cultivation reported.

Small short shoots forming low mats.

Identification and evidence limits

Some authors place this name under F. maceratus or F. flaccidus. Other unrelated mosses are sold under it. No accepted-name resolution asserted.

Taxonomic treatment disputed in source

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Trial a low foreground patch on a small removable support; verify that the plant really is a Fissidens.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S016 Flowgrow: Fissidens splachnobryoides

M017 Willow / greater water-moss

Fontinalis antipyretica

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Temporary exposure documented; sustained emerged culture unconfirmed

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

4–26 °C

Published optimum

10–22 °C

Published pH

5–7.5

Published KH

0–15 °dKH

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

medium

Origin / distribution

Northern Hemisphere

Habitat and identification

Attached to rock, roots or wood in still and running freshwater; temporary exposure can occur.

Long stems, often three-sided, with strongly keeled leaves lacking a midrib.

Identification and evidence limits

Highly variable. Tolerance of temporary exposure does not establish sustained emerged mossarium culture.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Choose a cool submerged chamber with space for long stems; do not assume tropical warmth is ideal.

Care profile: Cool-water submerged moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S017 Flowgrow: Fontinalis antipyretica, S018 British Bryological Society: Fontinalis antipyretica

M018 Fine water-moss

Fontinalis hypnoides

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Not supported; source describes submerged-only growth

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

4–26 °C

Published optimum

10–22 °C

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–14 °dKH

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Northern Hemisphere

Habitat and identification

Submerged, mainly in still or slow-moving waters.

Soft fine shoots; leaves lack the strong keel of F. antipyretica.

Identification and evidence limits

Source describes submerged-only growth even though its emerged-culture field says unknown.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Keep submerged in a cool compartment. Obtain reliably identified cultivated material.

Care profile: Cool-water submerged moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S019 Flowgrow: Fontinalis hypnoides

M019 Streamside feather-moss

Leptodictyum riparium

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic / amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

4–26 °C

Published optimum

10–22 °C

Published pH

5–8

Published KH

2–21 °dKH

Difficulty

very easy

Growth rate

medium

Origin / distribution

Very widespread

Habitat and identification

Nutrient-rich margins and shallows of still or slowly flowing waters; emerged on wet hard surfaces.

Flattish leafy shoots with a midrib extending past mid-leaf; submerged strands can become long.

Identification and evidence limits

Stringy moss is often assigned here in trade, but Flowgrow interprets much of it as Drepanocladus aduncus.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Amblystegium riparium (botanical synonym reported by source); Stringy moss (ambiguous trade identification)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Suitable for a cool waterline display or submerged tangles; plan for strands that may not attach firmly.

Care profile: Cool-water submerged moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S020 Flowgrow: Leptodictyum riparium

M020 Kneiff’s hook-moss / Stringy moss

Drepanocladus aduncus

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic / amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

very easy

Growth rate

medium

Origin / distribution

Very widespread

Habitat and identification

Wetlands, lake and pond margins; often semi-emerged in shallow water.

Upright underwater shoots with curved leaves; may form a surface mat.

Identification and evidence limits

Flowgrow links Stringy moss to this species. Traded Aduncus moss may instead resemble Leptodictyum. Does not reliably self-attach.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Stringy moss (trade interpretation used by Flowgrow); Amblystegium aduncum (botanical synonym reported by source)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Hold shoots mechanically on rock or in a shallow removable tray; allow room for waterline growth.

Care profile: Cool-water submerged moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S021 Flowgrow: Drepanocladus aduncus

M021 Queen moss

Hydropogonella gymnostoma

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquatic aquarium moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Not established

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

medium

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Aquatic moss in cultivation; detailed natural habitat not compiled.

Soft decorative aquarium moss.

Identification and evidence limits

A primary publication identifies Queen moss as this species. Numeric culture limits are not established here; emerged suitability remains uncertain.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Amblystegiaceae sp. Manaus (former trade identification)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a submerged trial rather than risking all stock in an emerged mossarium; temperature requirements need culture-specific confirmation.

Care profile: Submerged aquarium moss with unquantified thermal limits.

Not established from reviewed sources

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S022 Akiyama 2013: identification of Queen moss, S023 Flowgrow: Hydropogonella gymnostoma

M022 Nano / creeping feather-moss

Amblystegium serpens

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Terrestrial moss with documented submerged culture

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Documented

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

4–26 °C

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

5–7

Published KH

0–21 °dKH

Difficulty

easy

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Very widespread

Habitat and identification

Terrestrial soil, bark, dead wood and rock, often nutrient-rich; not naturally aquatic according to source.

Small creeping emerged lawns; delicate upright shoots underwater.

Identification and evidence limits

Included for documented submerged cultivation, not as a naturally aquatic species.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Useful for a humid emerged surface or a separately tested submerged patch.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Published cultivation catalog values; tolerance is not a target or experimentally verified boundary

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S024 Flowgrow: Amblystegium serpens

M023 Alpine water-moss

Fontinalis squamosa

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic moss

Submerged evidence

Natural submerged occurrence documented

Emerged evidence

Culture not established

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Fast acidic streams and rivers, attached to rock or roots; tolerates very nutrient-poor sites.

Slender cylindrical shoots with rounded, overlapping rather than keeled leaves.

Identification and evidence limits

Different from slender forms of F. antipyretica. No numeric cultivation recipe reviewed.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Trial in cool moving acidic water with low nutrient loading.

Care profile: Specialist stream or waterfall trial.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S025 British Bryological Society: Fontinalis squamosa

M024 Long-beaked water feather-moss

Platyhypnidium riparioides

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic / amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Seasonal or partial submersion documented

Emerged evidence

Culture not established

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Rock, roots and wood in streams; submerged or partly submerged for at least part of the year.

Variable elongated shoots, broad toothed leaves and a long single midrib.

Identification and evidence limits

Rhynchostegium riparioides is an alternative name used in the guide. Avoid assuming tolerance of very acidic stream water.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Rhynchostegium riparioides (alternative botanical name in source)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a flowing rock-to-water transition; retain an emerged portion during the trial.

Care profile: Specialist stream or waterfall trial.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S026 British Bryological Society: Platyhypnidium riparioides

M025 Smaller lattice-moss

Cinclidotus fontinaloides

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Intermittently flooded riparian moss

Submerged evidence

Temporary flooding; prolonged submersion unsuitable per guide

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Frequently flooded rocks, roots and masonry beside rivers and lakes; avoids markedly acidic water.

Robust trailing shoots with conspicuously thickened leaf borders.

Identification and evidence limits

Guide explicitly says it does not tolerate the prolonged submersion typical of Fontinalis.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a wet emerged bank with occasional splashing, not a permanently underwater carpet.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S027 British Bryological Society: Cinclidotus fontinaloides

M026 Larger lattice-moss

Cinclidotus riparius

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Riparian moss; immersion duration unresolved

Submerged evidence

Flood-zone occurrence; permanent culture not established

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Lower river flood-zone than C. fontinaloides, according to the comparison in that species account.

Dark shoots; more symmetrical leaves, less twisted when dry than C. fontinaloides.

Identification and evidence limits

Evidence is a comparison account, not a complete species treatment. Leaf-section microscopy needed for reliable distinction.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Treat as an experimental wet-margin subject until species-specific immersion needs are verified.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S027 British Bryological Society: Cinclidotus fontinaloides

M027 Claw brook-moss

Hygrohypnum ochraceum

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Stream moss

Submerged evidence

In and beside running water documented

Emerged evidence

Culture not established

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Rapid hill streams, waterfall rock and occasional seepages, usually on acidic substrates.

Soft green or brown patches with curved concave leaves and conspicuous pale alar cells.

Identification and evidence limits

Does not occur on calcareous rock in the guide’s region. Can be confused with H. luridum.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Trial in a cool circulating soft-water stream section on noncalcareous stone.

Care profile: Specialist stream or waterfall trial.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S028 British Bryological Society: Hygrohypnum ochraceum

M028 Western brook-moss

Hygrohypnum eugyrium

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Stream moss

Submerged evidence

Natural stream occurrence; culture unverified

Emerged evidence

Culture not established

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Rock and stones in fast streams, often in wooded ravines with slightly base-rich rock.

Compact green-brown patches; orange cells at leaf-base corners.

Identification and evidence limits

Not interchangeable with the acid-substrate H. ochraceum. Taxonomic name follows the field guide.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a cool shaded stream-rock trial with modest mineral influence.

Care profile: Specialist stream or waterfall trial.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S029 British Bryological Society: Hygrohypnum eugyrium

M029 Fern-leaved hook-moss

Cratoneuron filicinum

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Wetland / spring moss

Submerged evidence

Permanent underwater culture not established

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Wet base-rich springs, flushes and rock ledges; also disturbed terrestrial ground.

Small pinnate shoots with pale tips and a strong midrib reaching the leaf tip.

Identification and evidence limits

The actual species differs from aquarium Triangle moss mislabelled Cratonneuron filicinum.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a wetted mineral-rich ledge with tops in humid air; verify identification.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S030 British Bryological Society: Cratoneuron filicinum

M030 Curled hook-moss

Palustriella commutata

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Spring / seepage moss

Submerged evidence

Continuous surface wetting documented; permanent immersion unverified

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Wet base-rich cliffs, springs, flushes and continuously flowing calcareous fountains.

Feather-like curved foliage; may become encrusted with calcium deposits.

Identification and evidence limits

A limestone-spring specialist rather than a generic soft-water aquarium moss.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Cratoneuron commutatum (older botanical name in source)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a continuously trickling calcareous rock wall in its own mineral-compatible system.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S031 British Bryological Society: Palustriella commutata

M031 Hooked scorpion-moss

Scorpidium scorpioides

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Fen / shallow-wetland moss

Submerged evidence

Long-term underwater culture not established

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Mineral-rich flushes and calcareous fens, often among sedges.

Thick red-brown curved shoots, pale tips and nearly nerveless broad leaves.

Identification and evidence limits

Strong wetland affinity does not supply proof of aquarium culture or a pH tolerance range.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Trial a saturated mineral-rich fen margin; avoid an acid Sphagnum compartment.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S032 British Bryological Society: Scorpidium scorpioides

M032 Floating hook-moss

Warnstorfia fluitans

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic bog-pool moss

Submerged evidence

Floating / wet-pool occurrence documented

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Nutrient-poor, base-poor still pools, commonly rain-fed upland waters.

Loose dark-green shoots with slightly curved long leaves; often among aquatic Sphagnum.

Identification and evidence limits

Drepanocladus aduncus can look similar but typically occupies more mineral- and nutrient-rich sites.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Drepanocladus fluitans (botanical synonym in source)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a low-mineral bog-pool trial rather than fertilized hard-water aquarium conditions.

Care profile: Acid bog pool / saturated peatland specialist.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S033 British Bryological Society: Warnstorfia fluitans

M033 Ringless hook-moss

Sarmentypnum exannulatum

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Fen / spring-margin moss

Submerged evidence

Pool margins documented; permanent culture unverified

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Poor fens, neutral-water springheads and flushes; overlaps pool margins but avoids the most base-poor conditions.

Long upright shoots, green to orange, with moderately curved leaves.

Identification and evidence limits

Guide uses Warnstorfia exannulata. Sarmentypnum combination follows the cited bryological checklist.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Warnstorfia exannulata (older botanical combination); Drepanocladus exannulatus (older botanical combination)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a separate wet fen margin with modest mineral supply, not an extremely acid bog pool.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S034 British Bryological Society: Warnstorfia exannulata, S035 Hill et al. 2008 checklist update

M034 Feathery bog-moss

Sphagnum cuspidatum

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquatic / amphibious bog moss

Submerged evidence

Submerged natural growth documented

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Very acidic bog pools, hollows, moorland runnels and ditches.

Aquatic forms have long soft narrow leaves and collapse when lifted from water.

Identification and evidence limits

Both terrestrial and aquatic forms exist; do not generalize this species’ water tolerance to all Sphagnum.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a cool low-mineral acid pool or saturated bog hollow, keeping the growing tips lit.

Care profile: Acid bog pool / saturated peatland specialist.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S036 British Bryological Society: Sphagnum cuspidatum

M035 Cow-horn bog-moss

Sphagnum denticulatum

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Aquatic / amphibious bog moss

Submerged evidence

Submerged natural populations documented

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Acidic bog pools, flushes, springs, ditches and irrigated rock; submerged in some pools and lakes.

Very variable, often with swollen curved branches and appressed leaves.

Identification and evidence limits

S. auriculatum is used in some treatments. Separation from S. inundatum can remain difficult even microscopically.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Sphagnum auriculatum (alternative name used in some treatments)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a saturated acidic support or shallow bog pool; retain provenance and avoid assuming a precise pH range.

Care profile: Acid bog pool / saturated peatland specialist.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S038 British Bryological Society: Sphagnum denticulatum, S037 British Bryological Society: Sphagnum denticulatum atlas

M036 Lesser cow-horn bog-moss

Sphagnum inundatum

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Wetland moss; rarely submerged

Submerged evidence

Rare natural submersion; permanent culture unverified

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Poor fens, swampy ground, mildly base-rich pools, ditches and edges of flushes.

Spiky spreading branch leaves; green to orange-brown shoots.

Identification and evidence limits

Despite its name the guide states it is rarely submerged. Included as a wet-margin comparison, not a core underwater recommendation.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a high-water-table emerged margin. Do not select it for deep permanent submersion based on its name.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S039 British Bryological Society: Sphagnum inundatum

M037 Fountain apple-moss

Philonotis fontana

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Spring / marsh moss

Submerged evidence

Permanent underwater culture not established

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Marshes, springs, flushes, stream margins, wet ledges and rock.

Upright pale-green shoots, reddish stems and corrugated small leaves.

Identification and evidence limits

Species of Philonotis can require microscopy. Natural wetness alone does not establish permanent aquarium suitability.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Trial an illuminated saturated spring-bank patch with tops above the waterline.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S040 British Bryological Society: Philonotis fontana

M038 River feather-moss

Brachythecium rivulare

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Stream-margin / wet-woodland moss

Submerged evidence

Wet-margin occurrence documented; permanent culture unverified

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Springs, runnels, wet ledges, stream boulders, carr and wet woods.

Often yellow-green with pinnate branching and distinct pale cells at leaf-base corners.

Identification and evidence limits

Similar to B. rutabulum; identification should be checked. No permanent-submersion culture evidence compiled.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a moist bank, wetted rock or spring ledge, allowing ample growing room.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S041 British Bryological Society: Brachythecium rivulare

M039 Yellow fringe-moss

Racomitrium aciculare

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Riparian splash-zone moss

Submerged evidence

River-rock occurrence; permanent culture unverified

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Wet noncalcareous rock, especially exposed tops of rocks in fast rivers.

Yellow-green to almost black shoots with blunt toothed leaf tips.

Identification and evidence limits

A river-rock species, not evidence for a permanently submerged tropical aquarium plant. Name follows guide.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a cool wetted noncalcareous rock above the standing waterline.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S042 British Bryological Society: Racomitrium aciculare

M040 Portuguese feather-moss

Platyhypnidium alopecuroides

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Naturally aquatic stream moss

Submerged evidence

Usually submerged in nature

Emerged evidence

Culture not established

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Clear fast streams on base-poor rock; avoids limestone and calcareous substrates.

Long sparsely branched cylindrical-looking shoots with concave overlapping leaves.

Identification and evidence limits

Guide describes usual submersion, but no hobby cultivation limits were reviewed.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Aliases: Rhynchostegium alopecuroides (alternative botanical name in source); Platyhypnidium lusitanicum (alternative botanical name in source)

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a cool fast-flowing noncalcareous rock section; keep experimental stock separate.

Care profile: Specialist stream or waterfall trial.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S043 British Bryological Society: Platyhypnidium alopecuroides

M041 River grimmia

Schistidium rivulare

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Intermittently flooded riparian moss

Submerged evidence

Seasonal submersion documented

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Rocks, tree roots and wall bases in fast rivers, often the sheltered side of rocks.

Dark straggling shoots, no leaf hair-point, and short broad red capsules.

Identification and evidence limits

Typically seasonally submerged and higher in the flood zone than Fontinalis; not a permanent-underwater default.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use an emerged, wetted river-rock face with air exchange.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S044 British Bryological Society: Schistidium rivulare

M042 Giant spear-moss

Calliergon giganteum

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Fen / shallow-wetland moss

Submerged evidence

Lower shoots in water; complete long-term submersion not established

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Wet calcareous fens and flushes, usually with the lower shoots in water.

Robust upright tree-like branching, blunt leaves with a strong midrib.

Identification and evidence limits

Feet in water is not proof of a fully submerged display. Guide describes the species as uncommon regionally.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Trial a cool mineral-rich saturated fen compartment with room for tall shoots.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S045 British Bryological Society: Calliergon giganteum

M043 Heart-leaved spear-moss

Calliergon cordifolium

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Wet-woodland / marsh moss

Submerged evidence

Fluctuating-water habitat; permanent culture unverified

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Swamp woodland, lake margins, ditches and wet hollows, often shaded and with fluctuating water levels.

Broad-leaved shoots with a strong midrib; less tree-like than C. giganteum.

Identification and evidence limits

Habitat can be nutrient-rich and mildly calcifuge; do not copy the calcareous recipe for C. giganteum.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a shaded saturated margin rather than a deep-water planting.

Care profile: Wet margin / intermittently flooded moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S046 British Bryological Society: Calliergon cordifolium atlas, S047 BBS: Calliergon cordifolium identification

M044 Olive bog-moss

Sphagnum majus

Group

Moss

Record type

species

Water category

Bog-pool margin moss

Submerged evidence

Pool-edge / soak occurrence; culture unverified

Emerged evidence

Natural wet emerged habitat documented

Suitability

Specialist habitat-based trial; long-term mossarium culture unverified

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Lawns beside bog pools and in soaks; northern boreal and montane distribution.

Greenish or brownish bog lawns; field separation from aquatic relatives requires specialist keys.

Identification and evidence limits

Regional rarity in the atlas argues for cultivated provenance. Specific permanent-submersion culture evidence not compiled.

Species name used by source; global accepted-name audit not performed

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use a cool high-water-table bog compartment only if reliably identified propagated stock is available.

Care profile: Acid bog pool / saturated peatland specialist.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S048 British Bryological Society: Sphagnum majus atlas

M045 Krabi moss

Vesicularia cf. montagnei “Krabi”

Group

Moss

Record type

tentatively identified culture

Water category

Aquarium-capable amphibious moss

Submerged evidence

Documented aquarium culture

Emerged evidence

Not established in compiled evidence

Suitability

Established aquarium option

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

medium

Growth rate

slow

Origin / distribution

Southern Thailand

Habitat and identification

Reported from lakes near Krabi in southern Thailand.

Slow-growing hardscape moss in the catalog.

Identification and evidence limits

cf. means compared with, not confirmed as V. montagnei. Do not count it as another resolved species.

Tentative identification

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Keep the provenance label and trial submerged hardscape placement; do not assume emerged performance from the tentative species name.

Care profile: Tropical amphibious hardscape moss.

Not established from reviewed sources

Trade name documented; current stock and local availability not checked

Sources: S049 Flowgrow: Vesicularia cf. montagnei “Krabi”

M046 Crystalwort

Riccia fluitans

Group

Liverwort

Record type

species

Water category

Non-moss comparison

Submerged evidence

Aquarium culture documented for traded entity

Emerged evidence

Not compiled

Suitability

Comparison only; excluded from moss species count

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Floating freshwater growth; also used restrained underwater.

Small branching thallus rather than leafy moss shoots.

Identification and evidence limits

A liverwort, not a true moss.

Species name follows source

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Use as a floating or mechanically restrained aquatic liverwort, not as a naturally self-attaching moss carpet.

Care profile: Non-moss comparison entry.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S050 Flowgrow: Riccia fluitans

M047 Mini Pellia / coral moss

Riccardia spp.

Group

Liverwort

Record type

unresolved trade group

Water category

Non-moss comparison

Submerged evidence

Aquarium culture documented for traded entity

Emerged evidence

Not compiled

Suitability

Comparison only; excluded from moss species count

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Aquarium cultures sold as several similar tropical Riccardia types.

Fine branching thallus with a coral-like appearance.

Identification and evidence limits

Common R. chamedryfolia labels do not establish species identity. Several Riccardia species circulate.

Species unresolved

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Keep as a labelled Riccardia culture; do not report it as an identified moss species.

Care profile: Non-moss comparison entry.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S051 Flowgrow: Riccardia spp.

M048 Pellia (trade name)

Monosolenium tenerum

Group

Liverwort

Record type

species

Water category

Non-moss comparison

Submerged evidence

Aquarium culture documented for traded entity

Emerged evidence

Not compiled

Suitability

Comparison only; excluded from moss species count

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Aquarium-cultivated thalloid liverwort.

Forking ribbons with a midrib; thicker and more brittle than Subwassertang.

Identification and evidence limits

Trade name Pellia does not put it in that genus. Distinct from Lomariopsis gametophytes.

Species name follows source

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Handle gently and restrain loose growth. Keep separate from true-moss selections.

Care profile: Non-moss comparison entry.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S052 Flowgrow: Monosolenium tenerum

M049 Subwassertang / Süßwassertang

Lomariopsis cf. lineata

Group

Fern gametophyte

Record type

tentatively identified culture

Water category

Non-moss comparison

Submerged evidence

Aquarium culture documented for traded entity

Emerged evidence

Not compiled

Suitability

Comparison only; excluded from moss species count

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Persistent aquarium fern gametophyte; natural origin of the introduced culture uncertain.

Thin translucent rounded thallus lobes without a midrib.

Identification and evidence limits

Fern growth stage, not moss, algae or liverwort. cf. lineata preserves uncertainty of species assignment.

Species unresolved

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Can provide a submerged moss-like texture; label as a fern gametophyte.

Care profile: Non-moss comparison entry.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S053 Flowgrow: Lomariopsis cf. lineata

M050 Marimo / moss ball

Aegagropila linnaei

Group

Green alga

Record type

species

Water category

Non-moss comparison

Submerged evidence

Aquarium culture documented for traded entity

Emerged evidence

Not compiled

Suitability

Comparison only; excluded from moss species count

Published temperature tolerance

Not established

Published optimum

Not established

Published pH

Not established

Published KH

Not established

Difficulty

Not established

Growth rate

Not established

Origin / distribution

Not compiled

Habitat and identification

Freshwater alga sold as moss balls.

Filamentous green algal growth, often in rounded colonies.

Identification and evidence limits

Not a true moss. Buying a ball does not confirm identity or clean provenance.

Species name follows source

Mossarium application · inferred guidance

Keep out of the moss count; use a separate verified algal care and sourcing protocol.

Care profile: Non-moss comparison entry.

Not established from reviewed sources

Cultivated supply not checked; no wild-collection recommendation

Sources: S054 Flowgrow: Aegagropila linnaei